Activism in Practice: The Influence of a Rural School Leader’s Beliefs and Practices in Disrupting Historical Patterns of Underachievement in Traditionally Marginalized Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5195/ie.2020.134Keywords:
rural superintendent-principal, culturally responsive leadership, relational leadershipAbstract
Despite the fact that rural communities across the United States are rapidly diversifying (Fusarelli & Militello, 2012), little research has examined the beliefs and practices of successful rural educational leaders, specifically in high poverty schools and districts where traditionally marginalized students demonstrate improving learning outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the beliefs and practices of a rural educational leader whose school or district met established study criteria for a high poverty, high performing school, in which traditionally marginalized students demonstrate increasingly productive learning outcomes. Interviews with the leader were conducted, and the data were coded and analyzed using a constant comparative method (Lincoln & Guba, 1985).
The following research question guided the study:
What impact do the beliefs and practices of a rural school district leader have on the learning outcomes of traditionally marginalized students in the Rocky Mountain West?
The findings from this study contribute to the paucity of research on culturally responsive rural superintendent-principals. Identifying the rural leader’s beliefs and practices provides support for educational leaders who serve in that uniquely rural dual role, about which very little has been written. It informs leadership preparation programs, graduate students, researchers, and policy makers about the need for nuanced culturally responsive training for rural educational leaders.
References
Anderson, G. L. (2009). Advocacy leadership: Toward a post-reform agenda in education. Routledge.
Balkar, B. (2015). Defining an empowering school culture (ESC): Teacher perceptions. Issues in Educational Research, 25(3), 205.
Barrett, N., Cowen, J., Toma, E., & Troske, S. (2015). Working with what they have: Professional development as a reform strategy in rural schools. Journal of Research in Rural Education (Online), 30(10), 1.
Bernhardt, V. (2013). Data analysis for continuous school improvement. New York, NY: Routledge.
Bondy, E., & Ross, D. D. (2008). The teacher as warm demander. Educational Leadership, 66(1), 54-58.
Brayboy, B. M. J., Castagno, A. E., & Maughan, E. (2007). Equality and justice for all? Examining race in education scholarship. Review of Research in Education, 31(1), 159-194.
Curry, M. C. (2016). Role and responsibility priorities of the superintendent/principal as perceived by board presidents, teachers' union presidents, and superintendent/principals. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global; Social Science Premium Collection. (1860892779).
Dantley, M. E., & Tillman, L. C. (2006). Social justice and moral transformative leadership. In C. Marshall & M. Oliva (Eds.), Leadership for social justice: Making revolutions in education (pp. 16–30). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Darling-Hammond, L. (2010). Performance counts: Assessment systems that support high-quality learning. Washington, D.C.: Council of Chief State School Officers.
Fine, M. (1994). Working the hyphens. Handbook of qualitative research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry,(12)2, 219-245.
Fusarelli, B. C., & Militello, M. (2012). Racing to the top with leaders in rural, high poverty schools. Planning and Changing, 43(1), 46-56.
Galloway, M. K., & Ishimaru, A. M. (2015). Radical recentering: Equity in educational leadership standards. Educational Administration Quarterly, 51(3), 372-408.
Gardiner, M. E., & Enomoto, E. K. (2006). Urban school principals and their role as multicultural leaders. Urban Education, 41(6), 560-584.
Geverdt, D. (2015). Education demographic and geographic estimates program (EDGE): Locale boundaries user’s manual (NCES 2016-012). U.S. Department of Education. Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.
Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory. Chicago: Aldine.
Goddard, Y. L., Goddard, R. D., & Tschannen-Moran, M. (2007). A theoretical and empirical investigation of teacher collaboration for school improvement and student achievement in public elementary schools. Teachers College Record, 109(4), 877-896.
Hallinger, P., Heck, R. H., & Murphy, J. (2014). Teacher evaluation and school improvement: An analysis of the evidence. Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability, 26(1), 5-28.
Harris, A. (2013). School improvement: What's in it for schools? New York, NY: Routledge.
Hesbol, D. G. (2005). The role understanding and perceptions of the superintendent/principal in small rural Illinois schools. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Hesbol, K.A. (2020, Winter). The rural innovative school leadership networked improvement community: Background and future of a NIC in practice. In J. Hanley (Ed.), Point/counterpoint: How networked improvement communities work to support rural education. UCEA Review, 60(4), 20-23.
Jacobs, J., Boardman, A., Potvin, A., & Wang, C. (2018). Understanding teacher resistance to instructional coaching. Professional Development in Education, 44(5), 690-703.
Khalifa, M.A., Gooden, M.A., & Davis, J.E. (2016). Culturally responsive school leadership: A synthesis of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 86(4), 1272-1311.
Khalifa, M. A. (2018). Culturally responsive school leadership. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Education Press.
Khalifa, M., Gooden, M.A., & Davis, J.E. (2018). Culturally responsive school leadership framework. Bloomington, MN: University of Minnesota Organizational Leadership, Policy, & Development.
Kiyama, J.M., Rios-Aguilar, C., & Sarubbi, M. (2018). A review of existing research on funds of knowledge and the forms of capital. In J.M. Kiyama, & C. Rios-Aguilar (Eds.), Funds of knowledge in higher education: Honoring students’ cultural experiences and resources as strengths (pp. 25-47). New York, NY: Routledge.
Ladson-Billings, G. (2006). From the achievement gap to the education debt: Understanding achievement in US schools. Educational Researcher, 35(7), 3-12.
Leithwood, K., Louis, K.S., Anderson, S., & Wahlstrom, K. (2004). How leadership influences student learning. New York, NY: Wallace Foundation.
Lincoln Y., & Guba, E. (1985). Naturalistic inquiry. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
Martin, G. L., Williams, B. M., Green, B., & Smith, M. J. (2019). Reframing activism as leadership. New directions for student leadership, (161), 9-24.
McHenry-Sorber, E., & Provinzano, K. (2017). Confronting rapid change: Exploring the practices of educational leaders in a rural boomtown. Leadership and Policy in Schools, 16(4), 602-628.
Merriam, S. B. (2001). Qualitative research and case study applications in education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Moll, L. C., Soto-Santiago, S. L., & Schwartz, L. (2013). Funds of knowledge in changing communities. In K. Hall, T. Cremin, B. Comber, & L. Moll (Eds.), International Handbook of Research on Children's Literacy, Learning, and Culture (pp. 172-183). John Wiley and Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118323342.ch13
Perry, J. A. (2018). Adapted from the October 2017 convening opening address: CPED beyond 10 years. Impacting Education: Journal on Transforming Professional Practice, 3(1).
Pohl, K. (2017, August). Minority populations driving county growth in the rural west. Rural west insights series. Bozeman, MT: Headwaters Economics.
Pounder, D., Reitzug, U., & Young, M. (2002). Preparing school leaders for school improvement, social justice, and community. Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education, 101(1), 261-288.
Salazar, P.S. (2007). The professional development needs of rural high school principals: A
seven-state study. The Rural Educator 28(3), 20-27.
Shields, C.M. (2010). Transformative leadership: Working for equity in diverse contexts. Educational Administration Quarterly, 46(4), 558–589.
Showalter, D., Hartman, S.., Johnson, J., & Klein, B. (2019). Why rural matters 2018-2019: The time is now. Washington, D.C.: Rural School and Community Trust.
Shulman, L.S. (2005). Signature pedagogies in the professions. Daedalus, 134(3), 52-59.
Skrla, L., McKenzie, K.B., & Scheurich, J.J. (2009). Using equity audits to create equitable and excellent schools. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press.
Sleeter, C. E. (2012). Confronting the marginalization of culturally responsive pedagogy. Urban Education, 47(3), 562-584.
Stake, R. (1995). The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Theoharis, G., & Causton-Theoharis, J. (2008). Creating inclusive schools for all students. School Administrator, 65(8), 24-25.
Valiandes, S. (2015). Evaluating the impact of differentiated instruction on literacy and reading in mixed ability classrooms: Quality and equity dimensions of education effectiveness. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 45, 17-26.
Yin, R.K. (2017). Case study research and applications: Design and methods (7th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Yosso, T.J. (2005). Whose culture has capital? A critical race theory discussion of community cultural wealth. Race, Ethnicity, and Education, 8(1), 69-91.
Zhang, Y. (2008). Some perspectives from rural school districts on the No Child Left Behind Act. Washington, DC: Center on Education Policy.
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- The Author retains copyright in the Work, where the term “Work” shall include all digital objects that may result in subsequent electronic publication or distribution.
- Upon acceptance of the Work, the author shall grant to the Publisher the right of first publication of the Work.
- The Author shall grant to the Publisher and its agents the nonexclusive perpetual right and license to publish, archive, and make accessible the Work in whole or in part in all forms of media now or hereafter known under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License or its equivalent, which, for the avoidance of doubt, allows others to copy, distribute, and transmit the Work under the following conditions:
- Attribution—other users must attribute the Work in the manner specified by the author as indicated on the journal Web site;
- The Author is able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the nonexclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the Work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), as long as there is provided in the document an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post online a prepublication manuscript (but not the Publisher’s final formatted PDF version of the Work) in institutional repositories or on their Websites prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work. Any such posting made before acceptance and publication of the Work shall be updated upon publication to include a reference to the Publisher-assigned DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and a link to the online abstract for the final published Work in the Journal.
- Upon Publisher’s request, the Author agrees to furnish promptly to Publisher, at the Author’s own expense, written evidence of the permissions, licenses, and consents for use of third-party material included within the Work, except as determined by Publisher to be covered by the principles of Fair Use.
- The Author represents and warrants that:
- the Work is the Author’s original work;
- the Author has not transferred, and will not transfer, exclusive rights in the Work to any third party;
- the Work is not pending review or under consideration by another publisher;
- the Work has not previously been published;
- the Work contains no misrepresentation or infringement of the Work or property of other authors or third parties; and
- the Work contains no libel, invasion of privacy, or other unlawful matter.
- The Author agrees to indemnify and hold Publisher harmless from Author’s breach of the representations and warranties contained in Paragraph 6 above, as well as any claim or proceeding relating to Publisher’s use and publication of any content contained in the Work, including third-party content.
Revised 7/16/2018. Revision Description: Removed outdated link.